Madagascar, an island renowned for its unique biodiversity, has lost nearly 90% of its primary forests to deforestation and land conversion. This dramatic ecological upheaval has imperiled countless endemic species, including lemurs, chameleons, and various reptiles. Amid this crisis, a surprising champion of forest recovery has emerged: native lizards. Until recently, ecologists largely focused on birds and mammals such as lemurs as key seed dispersers in Madagascar’s regenerating forests. However, a pivotal study from Kyoto University published in Biotropica spotlighted the role of three frugivorous lizard species—the Malagasy giant chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti), Cuvier’s swift, and the western girdled lizard—in tropical dry forests

Through behavioral observations, fecal analyses, and germination tests, researchers found these lizards consume fruits from over 20 native plant species. Impressively, many of the expelled seeds remained viable and germinated effectively. Unlike lemurs, which focus on a narrower range of tree fruits, these reptiles disperse a broader diversity of seeds, helping regenerate understory plants and mid‑canopy species. Madagascar’s botanical makeup relies heavily on endozoochory—seed dispersal via animal digestion. With mammalian dispersers declining due to habitat loss, small-scale dispersers like these lizards are becoming increasingly vital. They help colonize degraded lands, especially where larger frugivores no longer roam.

Moreover, Phelsuma day geckos, known to survive in fragmented habitats and secondary forests, are also poised to play a role. Their adaptability to altered landscapes makes them potential seed dispersers even in agricultural mosaics. Conservationists are now rethinking reforestation strategies. Instead of relying solely on planting large fruit trees to attract birds and mammals, integrating pioneer species that appeal to small frugivores is gaining traction. Lizards—especially chameleons and geckos—could be invited to restoration sites through habitat enhancements like fallen logs, native shrubs, and ground covers.

This mirrors “facilitated restoration” seen with small lemurs (Microcebus), which attract fauna to regenerating plots. Now, recognition is growing that reptiles too can seed future forests—particularly in fragmented landscapes where larger fauna can’t venture. While Madagascar hosts over 370 endemic reptile species, izards have historically been understudied. Experts are calling for targeted research into reptile roles in ecosystem regeneration, deforestation impacts, and responses to land-use change. Protecting and managing habitats where seed-dispersing lizards thrive—such as dry forests and wooded farmlands—can multiply conservation gains. Community-led restoration with lizard-friendly corridors and habitat structures could bolster forest recovery while benefiting biodiversity and local livelihoods.